Temperature Rise: The Spec Nobody Reads
This is the single most important number in tankless sizing, and it's the one that gets left out of comparisons.
A tankless unit doesn't have one flow rating. It has a flow rating at a given temperature rise — how many degrees it has to lift the incoming water to reach your target.
The arithmetic is simple. If your water arrives at 70°F and you want 120°F at the tap, that's a 50-degree rise. If it arrives at 40°F in winter, that's an 80-degree rise. The same unit delivers considerably fewer gallons per minute at 80 degrees than at 50.
Which means the rated flow on the box is close to meaningless in isolation. A unit advertised at a high GPM figure is quoting it at a modest rise — often one that doesn't apply anywhere with a cold winter.
Incoming water temperature is seasonal and regional. The same house that has abundant hot water in August can find two showers a struggle in February, and nothing has failed. The unit is doing more work per gallon.
So sizing has to be done at your winter incoming temperature, not an annual average and not a manufacturer's headline. A system sized on summer numbers works beautifully for most of the year and disappoints for exactly the months you care about.
We size for winter. It's the whole point of doing the calculation.